Am J Cancer Res 2012;2(6):620-657
Review Article
Regulators of gene expression as biomarkers for prostate cancer
Stacey S Willard, Shahriar Koochekpour
Departments of Cancer Genetics and Urology, Center for Genetics and Pharmacology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute,
Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
Received August 25, 2012; Accepted October 9, 2012; Epub November 20, 2012; Published November 30, 2012
Abstract: Recent technological advancements in gene expression analysis have led to the discovery of a promising
new group of prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers that have the potential to influence diagnosis and the prediction
of disease severity. The accumulation of deleterious changes in gene expression is a fundamental mechanism of
prostate carcinogenesis. Aberrant gene expression can arise from changes in epigenetic regulation or mutation
in the genome affecting either key regulatory elements or gene sequences themselves. At the epigenetic level, a
myriad of abnormal histone modifications and changes in DNA methylation are found in PCa patients. In addition,
many mutations in the genome have been associated with higher PCa risk. Finally, over- or underexpression of key
genes involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell adhesion and regulation of transcription has been observed.
An interesting group of biomarkers are emerging from these studies which may prove more predictive than the
standard prostate specific antigen (PSA) serum test. In this review, we discuss recent results in the field of gene
expression analysis in PCa including the most promising biomarkers in the areas of epigenetics, genomics and the
transcriptome, some of which are currently under investigation as clinical tests for early detection and better prognostic
prediction of PCa. (AJCR0000143).
Keywords: Prostate cancer, biomarker, epigenetics, methylation, acetylation, ncRNA, genomics, SNP, transcriptomics, miRNA,
lncRNA
Address all correspondence to:
Dr. Shahriar Koochekpour
Departments of Cancer Genetics and Urology
Center for Genetics and Pharmacology
Roswell Park Cancer Institute
Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA.
Phone: 716-845-3345; Fax: 716-845-1698;
E-mails: Stacey.Willard@RoswellPark.org;
Shahriar. Koochekpour@Roswellpark.org
Review Article
Regulators of gene expression as biomarkers for prostate cancer
Stacey S Willard, Shahriar Koochekpour
Departments of Cancer Genetics and Urology, Center for Genetics and Pharmacology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute,
Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
Received August 25, 2012; Accepted October 9, 2012; Epub November 20, 2012; Published November 30, 2012
Abstract: Recent technological advancements in gene expression analysis have led to the discovery of a promising
new group of prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers that have the potential to influence diagnosis and the prediction
of disease severity. The accumulation of deleterious changes in gene expression is a fundamental mechanism of
prostate carcinogenesis. Aberrant gene expression can arise from changes in epigenetic regulation or mutation
in the genome affecting either key regulatory elements or gene sequences themselves. At the epigenetic level, a
myriad of abnormal histone modifications and changes in DNA methylation are found in PCa patients. In addition,
many mutations in the genome have been associated with higher PCa risk. Finally, over- or underexpression of key
genes involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell adhesion and regulation of transcription has been observed.
An interesting group of biomarkers are emerging from these studies which may prove more predictive than the
standard prostate specific antigen (PSA) serum test. In this review, we discuss recent results in the field of gene
expression analysis in PCa including the most promising biomarkers in the areas of epigenetics, genomics and the
transcriptome, some of which are currently under investigation as clinical tests for early detection and better prognostic
prediction of PCa. (AJCR0000143).
Keywords: Prostate cancer, biomarker, epigenetics, methylation, acetylation, ncRNA, genomics, SNP, transcriptomics, miRNA,
lncRNA
Address all correspondence to:
Dr. Shahriar Koochekpour
Departments of Cancer Genetics and Urology
Center for Genetics and Pharmacology
Roswell Park Cancer Institute
Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA.
Phone: 716-845-3345; Fax: 716-845-1698;
E-mails: Stacey.Willard@RoswellPark.org;
Shahriar. Koochekpour@Roswellpark.org
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American Journal of Cancer Research
| ISSN: 2156-6976 |